In the case of monopoly, decreasing costs across the entire foreseen range of output is necessary. 在垄断情况下,必须在整个计划的产出规模内降低成本。
In the nature monopoly industry, the average cost decrease progressively along with the output. 自然垄断是指由于生产技术具有规模经济的特征,使平均成本随着产量的增加而递减,从而,最小有效规模要求只能有唯一一个企业提供产品。
On the other hand, asymmetric information between the regulator and the enterprise that natural monopoly in water industry leads to could not be resolved in effect, which contains that the enterprise conceals the real cost and that the enterprise produces implicit output. 另一方面,供水行业的自然垄断性造成的规制部门和供水企业之间的信息不对称问题依然未能有效地解决,这主要表现为企业虚报成本、进行产量隐性生产等情况。
"Monopoly Agreement" is such a conduct used for more than two business operators ( including trade associations) to eliminate or restrict competition by price fixing, market allocation, restrict output, subdue rival or other conducts. 垄断协议是指两个以上的经营者(包括行业协会等经营者团体),通过协议或者其他协同一致的行为,实施固定价格、划分市场、限制产量、排挤其他竞争对手等排除、限制竞争的行为。
The estimation results show that although electricity transmission networks are administrative monopolized, there are very obviously characteristics of natural monopoly; the impact of network size on output is significant. 从模型的估计结果发现,虽然电网具有行政垄断因素,但其自然垄断特征仍非常明显,网络规模对产出的影响十分显著。
Monopoly enterprises capture the monopoly profit through controlling the market price with monopolistic output, Consumer has to pay more before the optimal output. 垄断企业往往利用垄断地位通过限制产量,从而控制和操纵市场价格,获取高额垄断利润。而当社会最优产出需求没有得到满足以前,消费者面对垄断企业只有付出更多的代价。